(摘自 國家能(neng)源局)推(tui)進(jin)(jin)北方地區(qu)冬季清潔取(qu)暖(nuan),關系北方地區(qu)廣大(da)(da)群眾溫(wen)暖(nuan)過冬,關系霧霾(mai)天能(neng)不能(neng)減少(shao),是能(neng)源生產和(he)消(xiao)費(fei)革命也是農村生活方式革命的重(zhong)要內(nei)容(rong)。記者(zhe)在(zai)各地采訪了解到,各級(ji)政(zheng)府(fu)將推(tui)進(jin)(jin)北方清潔取(qu)暖(nuan)作為(wei)治理(li)大(da)(da)氣污(wu)染及(ji)改變(bian)農村生活方式的重(zhong)要措施,大(da)(da)力推(tui)進(jin)(jin),近一年時間已經取(qu)得明(ming)顯(xian)成效。
清潔取暖推進順利
截至今年(nian)9月底,國家電(dian)網公司共計推廣實施清(qing)潔電(dian)采暖(nuan)項目1.8萬個,推廣電(dian)采暖(nuan)面(mian)積約5億平方米
“以前一到冬天整個(ge)院(yuan)子里全是煤,家(jia)家(jia)戶(hu)戶(hu)的煙筒都(dou)往外冒黑煙,因為(wei)怕爐子滅火,家(jia)里都(dou)不敢(gan)離開人(ren)。現在好(hao)了,院(yuan)里干(gan)凈了、自己也(ye)干(gan)凈了,出去干(gan)活(huo)也(ye)不用擔心了,家(jia)里隨(sui)時都(dou)是暖(nuan)暖(nuan)的。國(guo)家(jia)對我(wo)們的電(dian)費有補貼,夜里享受(shou)低谷電(dian)價,省了不少錢。”北京通州(zhou)地(di)區崔家(jia)樓村的張萬宗大爺家(jia)去年完成了“煤改電(dian)”改造,一個(ge)供(gong)暖(nuan)季下(xia)來,他(ta)對家(jia)中的電(dian)采(cai)暖(nuan)設備贊(zan)不絕口。
記者(zhe)在張大(da)爺家看(kan)到,這(zhe)個(ge)建(jian)筑面積90平方米的房子(zi)里,采用了空氣源熱泵采暖,功率為5匹,采暖季可以全天(tian)(tian)(tian)使用。改造前(qian),張大(da)爺家采用燃煤(mei)取暖,每年(nian)(nian)剛一入(ru)秋就得計(ji)劃今(jin)年(nian)(nian)要買多少煤(mei),還要對比(bi)煤(mei)商,挑選優質煤(mei)、放心(xin)煤(mei)。對于(yu)老人(ren)來(lai)說,早晚添煤(mei)、清理煤(mei)灰(hui)可是(shi)個(ge)體力活,每天(tian)(tian)(tian)早上(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)不亮就要起來(lai)把(ba)煤(mei)塊敲碎,做(zuo)好一天(tian)(tian)(tian)的添煤(mei)準備。白(bai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)要定(ding)時添煤(mei)、清理煤(mei)灰(hui),每次弄完(wan),整個(ge)人(ren)身上(shang)(shang)都蒙(meng)了一層灰(hui),半夜還要起來(lai)“伺候”爐子(zi),生怕一不小心(xin)爐火滅了。
除了環境(jing)煥然一新、生活(huo)更加(jia)便捷,張(zhang)大爺說電(dian)采(cai)(cai)暖支出也沒有增加(jia)。他(ta)認真對比了一下:2016年完成“煤(mei)改電(dian)”改造(zao),采(cai)(cai)暖季(ji)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)5646千瓦(wa)時(shi),總(zong)電(dian)費(fei)2350.78元。谷段電(dian)量2157千瓦(wa)時(shi),電(dian)費(fei)補貼金額是(shi)431.4元,整個采(cai)(cai)暖季(ji)實(shi)(shi)際支出1919.38元。這些錢里(li)還包含了正常的生活(huo)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)電(dian)費(fei),折算下來(lai),電(dian)采(cai)(cai)暖的實(shi)(shi)際費(fei)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)到1500元,這筆費(fei)用(yong)(yong)與原來(lai)購置(zhi)燃(ran)煤(mei)相比差不(bu)多,而(er)“煤(mei)改電(dian)”后(hou)帶來(lai)的生活(huo)品質(zhi)提升(sheng)卻是(shi)顯而(er)易見的。
事實(shi)上,今(jin)年我(wo)國北方(fang)(fang)地區已經有更多的群眾享(xiang)受到了電(dian)(dian)(dian)采暖(nuan)(nuan)(nuan)帶來的實(shi)惠。數據顯示(shi),截至今(jin)年9月底,國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網公司(si)共計推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)實(shi)施清潔(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)采暖(nuan)(nuan)(nuan)項(xiang)目1.8萬個,推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)采暖(nuan)(nuan)(nuan)面積約5億(yi)平方(fang)(fang)米(mi)。針對中(zhong)小(xiao)學校、各類(lei)營業場(chang)所等(deng)間歇性供(gong)暖(nuan)(nuan)(nuan)場(chang)所,因(yin)地制宜推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)碳(tan)晶、電(dian)(dian)(dian)熱膜等(deng)分(fen)散電(dian)(dian)(dian)采暖(nuan)(nuan)(nuan)技術,累(lei)(lei)計完成3066個項(xiang)目、954萬平方(fang)(fang)米(mi)改(gai)造(zao)任務。結合政府取(qu)締燃煤小(xiao)鍋(guo)爐(lu)工作,在北方(fang)(fang)14個省(自(zi)治區、直轄市)醫院、商場(chang)、企(qi)事業單位等(deng)場(chang)所,大(da)力(li)推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍋(guo)爐(lu)、熱泵等(deng)集中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)采暖(nuan)(nuan)(nuan)技術,累(lei)(lei)計實(shi)施1.5萬個項(xiang)目,推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)4.3億(yi)平方(fang)(fang)米(mi)實(shi)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)采暖(nuan)(nuan)(nuan),替代1.8萬臺、33萬蒸噸取(qu)暖(nuan)(nuan)(nuan)小(xiao)鍋(guo)爐(lu)。
其中,京津冀及周邊地(di)區(qu)居(ju)民(min)“煤改電”累計(ji)完(wan)成(cheng)5763個村175萬戶的改造(zao)任(ren)務,供暖面積超過(guo)1億平(ping)方(fang)米。國家電網(wang)北京電力(li)公司提前(qian)一(yi)個月率先完(wan)成(cheng)2017年40.5萬戶改造(zao)任(ren)務。
電采暖具有多重效益
電采(cai)暖不僅(jin)節(jie)能(neng)減排,還給百姓生活品質帶(dai)來大幅提升,同時(shi)促(cu)進了電采(cai)暖行業健(jian)康快速發展(zhan)
電(dian)采暖的推(tui)廣(guang)帶來(lai)了顯著的社會效益,首當(dang)其(qi)沖就是節能減(jian)排。“公司自推(tui)廣(guang)實施(shi)電(dian)采暖以來(lai),已累計(ji)完成(cheng)替(ti)代電(dian)量277億千瓦(wa)時,相當(dang)于減(jian)少(shao)散燒煤1551萬(wan)(wan)噸,按照每節火車車廂載重60噸計(ji)算,可裝(zhuang)滿25萬(wan)(wan)節車廂。”國家電(dian)網公司對外聯絡部副(fu)主(zhu)任、專職新聞發(fa)言人王(wang)延芳(fang)說。
與此(ci)同(tong)時,電采暖還(huan)累計減少二(er)氧化(hua)(hua)碳排放2762萬(wan)噸(dun),減少二(er)氧化(hua)(hua)硫、氮氧化(hua)(hua)物和粉塵污(wu)染物排放878萬(wan)噸(dun)。隨著今年“煤改電”清潔取(qu)暖各項工程的(de)順(shun)利投運(yun),預計2017年至(zhi)2018年取(qu)暖季,電采暖電量將(jiang)超過180億千瓦時,比2016年至(zhi)2017年取(qu)暖季增長(chang)50%以上。
“煤(mei)(mei)改電(dian)”帶來的效益不(bu)僅限于(yu)環(huan)保(bao)貢獻,還給百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)生活(huo)品質帶來大幅提升。國家(jia)電(dian)網公司營銷部副主任杜蜀薇說(shuo):“這(zhe)主要體現在老(lao)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)家(jia)里不(bu)用再堆散燒煤(mei)(mei)了(le),不(bu)用再處理煤(mei)(mei)灰了(le),無論是家(jia)庭生活(huo)小環(huan)境、還是村鎮大環(huan)境都得到根本改善。此外,以往燃煤(mei)(mei)取暖造成的煤(mei)(mei)氣中毒、火災等安全事(shi)故也明顯減少(shao)。”
中電(dian)(dian)聯電(dian)(dian)能替代產業發(fa)展促進聯盟秘書長郭炳慶表示(shi),清(qing)潔供(gong)暖(nuan)的(de)效益不僅僅體現在低碳(tan)方(fang)面(mian),更在于能夠提高清(qing)潔能源消(xiao)納力(li)度。比(bi)如,國網甘(gan)肅公司(si)在金(jin)昌、瓜州(zhou)等(deng)光伏基地推廣(guang)電(dian)(dian)采暖(nuan)244萬(wan)平方(fang)米(mi);吉林公司(si)利用棄(qi)(qi)風電(dian)(dian)量(liang),推動(dong)建成全(quan)球最大的(de)32萬(wan)千瓦取暖(nuan)電(dian)(dian)鍋爐。2016年至(zhi)2017年取暖(nuan)季,青海、新疆、吉林、遼寧等(deng)地通(tong)過(guo)清(qing)潔取暖(nuan)消(xiao)納棄(qi)(qi)風棄(qi)(qi)光電(dian)(dian)量(liang)近(jin)3億千瓦時(shi)。
“電采(cai)(cai)暖(nuan)還帶(dai)動電采(cai)(cai)暖(nuan)行業健康快速發(fa)展,近年來電采(cai)(cai)暖(nuan)設(she)備和(he)關鍵技術不(bu)斷(duan)取得進步(bu)和(he)突破,電采(cai)(cai)暖(nuan)設(she)備類別不(bu)斷(duan)增加,市場規模(mo)(mo)持續擴大。僅北京地(di)區2016年‘煤(mei)改電’市場規模(mo)(mo)就超(chao)過50億(yi)元。”王(wang)延芳說。
采暖成本有效降低
在(zai)國家電價政策允許范(fan)圍內,依法合規降低(di)(di)電采(cai)暖(nuan)電價水(shui)平,通過(guo)實(shi)施峰谷分時(shi)電價政策、采(cai)取(qu)市場化(hua)手段有效降低(di)(di)電采(cai)暖(nuan)用(yong)電成本
推廣電(dian)(dian)采暖(nuan)并不(bu)是一件(jian)容易的事,電(dian)(dian)網強(qiang)度(du)(du)、百姓接受(shou)度(du)(du)都是挑(tiao)戰(zhan)。“實施‘煤改電(dian)(dian)’清潔(jie)取暖(nuan),居(ju)民戶均用電(dian)(dian)容量將(jiang)大(da)幅(fu)提高,對電(dian)(dian)網供電(dian)(dian)能力(li)是個(ge)巨大(da)挑(tiao)戰(zhan)。”王延芳(fang)說,為此,國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)網根(gen)據地方(fang)政府(fu)確(que)定的改造范圍(wei)和規(gui)模,評估電(dian)(dian)網供電(dian)(dian)能力(li),調整電(dian)(dian)網規(gui)劃,加(jia)大(da)配套(tao)電(dian)(dian)網建(jian)設力(li)度(du)(du),全面保障了“煤改電(dian)(dian)”負荷(he)用電(dian)(dian)需求。
在調增(zeng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)建(jian)設(she)年度計劃上(shang),國家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)2017年安(an)排310.8億(yi)元專項資(zi)金(jin),用于(yu)“煤改(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”配套(tao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)建(jian)設(she),新建(jian)、擴建(jian)106座35千(qian)伏及以上(shang)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan),新增(zeng)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量1206萬千(qian)伏安(an),新建(jian)、改(gai)造10千(qian)伏配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變壓器(qi)2.27萬臺、10千(qian)伏及以下線路4.42萬公里。同(tong)時(shi),制定印發了《國家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)“煤改(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”建(jian)設(she)改(gai)造技術原則》,明確戶均用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量標準提高到5千(qian)瓦(wa)至7千(qian)瓦(wa),“煤改(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”地區用戶年平均停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間不超(chao)過3小時(shi),從而保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)采暖用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)安(an)全可靠。
取暖(nuan)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)是影響(xiang)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)采(cai)暖(nuan)的關鍵因素,降低(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)采(cai)暖(nuan)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben),需要從市場(chang)機制(zhi)、完善(shan)價格政策和(he)技術(shu)創新等多(duo)方面發力(li)。杜蜀薇表(biao)示,國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網通過(guo)在清潔(jie)能源富余(yu)地區(qu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供大(da)于求地區(qu)組(zu)織電(dian)(dian)(dian)采(cai)暖(nuan)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)“打捆”,與清潔(jie)能源、高效環保(bao)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業開展直接交易、市場(chang)化(hua)(hua)競(jing)價交易,建立長期(qi)穩(wen)定且價格較低(di)(di)的供用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)關系,利用(yong)(yong)市場(chang)化(hua)(hua)手段降低(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)采(cai)暖(nuan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)。累(lei)計共(gong)組(zu)織完成(cheng)交易電(dian)(dian)(dian)量10億千瓦時,降低(di)(di)客(ke)戶(hu)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)3150萬元。
與此(ci)同時,充分利(li)用(yong)(yong)峰(feng)谷(gu)(gu)分時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價政(zheng)策(ce),鼓勵用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)選擇應用(yong)(yong)蓄(xu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)采(cai)暖設備、適當延(yan)長低谷(gu)(gu)時段用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、推行建立上(shang)網側(ce)峰(feng)谷(gu)(gu)分時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價等措施(shi),在(zai)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價政(zheng)策(ce)允(yun)許(xu)范圍內,依法合(he)規降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)采(cai)暖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價水平,并協助政(zheng)府合(he)理確定居(ju)民區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)采(cai)暖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量,爭取(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)采(cai)暖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量執行居(ju)民第一(yi)檔(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價的政(zheng)策(ce),減輕居(ju)民“煤改電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”取(qu)暖負擔。
不過,郭(guo)炳(bing)慶說:“在清潔(jie)取(qu)(qu)暖的推廣(guang)過程中,設(she)計(ji)端沒(mei)有標(biao)準(zhun),導致建設(she)無依(yi)據(ju),造成一些混亂。因此,推廣(guang)清潔(jie)取(qu)(qu)暖必(bi)須盡快完善相關標(biao)準(zhun)和規范(fan)。”